The Australia Group is an informal, non-binding export-control arrangement of 42 countries and the European Union, which advises on national licensing rules for dual-use biotechnology. Dual-use biotechnology refers to biological materials, equipment, techniques, software, or knowledge (e.g. disease samples, CRISPR, bioreactors) that has both civilian (medical, agricultural, etc) and military applications. Under a binding export-control regime, exporters would need government approval before transferring controlled dual use biotechnology to any country, including other members of the Group. States would decide whether to approve exports by assessing the recipient, their intended use, and the risk of misuse.